What is a common result of negative political advertising?

Negative political advertising often leads to negative voting behavior as it can foster distrust and disillusionment among voters. When candidates focus on attacking their opponents instead of promoting their own policies and positive attributes, it can create a hostile political atmosphere. This environment discourages voters from supporting candidates who engage in such tactics, possibly leading them to abstain from voting altogether or to choose third-party options as a protest against the negativity.

While it may seem that negative advertising could increase voter engagement due to heightened emotions and discussions, the primarily observed tendency is that it tends to alienate voters, driving them away from traditional candidate support. The impact of such ads can leave voters feeling confused about the issues and candidates' positions, leading to additional complications in the electoral process. Higher campaign costs are indeed associated with negative ads, as they often require more resources for production and dissemination; however, this is not the primary behavioral response from voters.