Which of the following factors significantly affects voter turnout?

Voter turnout is influenced by several demographic and social factors, and educational attainment, income level, age, and minority status are crucial in this regard.

Educational attainment significantly impacts a voter's likelihood to participate in elections. Individuals with higher education levels tend to understand political issues more clearly and recognize the importance of their vote, thus increasing turnout. Similarly, income level is a critical factor, as those with higher incomes often have more resources and time to engage in the political process, including voting. Age is another significant factor; typically, older individuals are more likely to vote compared to younger populations, who may feel less engaged or informed about the political process. Additionally, minority status can affect turnout, as historical and systemic barriers may discourage participation among certain groups.

While political affiliation and state residence, campaign ad exposure and social media activity, and the public speaking skills of candidates can influence voter behavior, they do not have the same foundational and quantifiable effects on turnout as the demographic factors listed in the correct choice. These factors are interconnected with socioeconomic trends and can help provide insight into the overall patterns of voter participation in elections.